Biomolecules

Explanation: Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Each protein is a chain of amino acids which determines its structure and function​​.

Explanation: DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and stores the genetic information required for the development, functioning, and reproduction of living organisms.

Explanation: One of the key differences between RNA and DNA is the sugar present in their nucleotides; RNA contains ribose, while DNA contains deoxyribose​​.

Explanation: Vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets in children, characterized by bone deformities, and osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft bones and joint pain.

Explanation: Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting, as it plays a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins required for blood coagulation.

Explanation: Lactose is a reducing sugar because it has a free aldehyde or ketone group capable of acting as a reducing agent. Sucrose, on the other hand, is a non-reducing sugar because it lacks a free aldehyde or ketone group due to its glycosidic bond formation.

Explanation: Carbohydrates generally have the formula Cx(H2O)y, indicating that they are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, where "x" and "y" are numbers that indicate the number of carbon atoms and water molecules, respectively.

Explanation: Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts to perform specific biological functions that are crucial for maintaining optimum growth and health.

Explanation: Maltose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose units. It is formed from the hydrolysis of starch and is a reducing sugar. Glucose and fructose are monosaccharides, while ribose is also a monosaccharide but specifically a pentose sugar​​.

Explanation: Uracil is a nitrogenous base found in RNA, not in DNA. DNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

Explanation: Glucocorticoids, produced by the adrenal cortex, modulate inflammatory reactions and are involved in stress responses.

Explanation: Vitamin D is fat-soluble, not water-soluble. It is stored in liver and adipose tissues and is essential for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the body.

Explanation: The tertiary structure of a protein, which is its overall 3D shape, is primarily responsible for the protein's functionality. The specific folding pattern allows the protein to interact with other molecules in a precise manner, enabling its biological activity​​.

Explanation: Glucocorticoids, produced by the adrenal cortex, play a crucial role in controlling carbohydrate metabolism and modulating inflammatory reactions.

Explanation: Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C, which is essential for the synthesis of collagen in the body.

Explanation: Denaturation is the process by which a protein loses its native three-dimensional structure, which leads to a loss of its biological function. This can be caused by changes in pH, temperature, or exposure to chemicals​​.

Explanation: The tertiary structure of proteins is stabilized by various types of interactions, including hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, and hydrophobic interactions. Peptide bonds, however, are responsible for linking amino acids together in the primary structure of proteins and do not play a direct role in stabilizing the tertiary structure​​.

Explanation: The primary function of RNA in cells is to synthesize proteins. This is achieved through various forms of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries the code from DNA to the ribosome where proteins are synthesized.

Explanation: Sucrose is a disaccharide, consisting of glucose and fructose units. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and cannot be hydrolyzed to give simpler sugars, which include glucose, fructose, and ribose.

Explanation: Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants and is not used for energy storage, whereas starch, glycogen, and amylopectin are all storage forms of energy​​.

Explanation: Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up biochemical reactions without being consumed in the process. They are crucial for various metabolic processes in the body​​.

Explanation: Monosaccharide units in polysaccharides are connected by glycosidic linkages, which are covalent bonds formed by a dehydration reaction between two sugar molecules.

Explanation: Starch is the main storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting of a mixture of amylose and amylopectin. It serves as an energy reserve. Glycogen serves a similar purpose in animals, whereas cellulose is a structural component of the plant cell wall.

Explanation: Glycogen, often referred to as animal starch, is a polysaccharide that serves as a form of energy storage in animals and fungi​​.

Explanation: Insulin, produced by the pancreas, helps lower blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose by cells.

Explanation: The quaternary structure of a protein refers to the arrangement and interaction of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) in a protein. This structure is relevant for proteins that consist of more than one polypeptide chain​​.

Explanation: Vitamin B12 is essential for the formation of red blood cells and the maintenance of the central nervous system. It can be produced by bacteria in the gut and its deficiency can lead to pernicious anemia.

Explanation: Carbohydrates are defined as optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds that yield such units upon hydrolysis. This definition encompasses the broad range of carbohydrate molecules from simple sugars (monosaccharides) to complex forms like starch and cellulose​​.

Explanation: The primary structure of proteins is determined by the sequence of amino acids, which are linked together by peptide bonds. These bonds are formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next amino acid in the chain​​.

Explanation: The secondary structure of proteins includes alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets, which result from hydrogen bonding between the backbone atoms in the polypeptide chain​​.

Explanation: The tertiary structure of a protein refers to its overall three-dimensional shape, which is stabilized by various interactions, including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. This structure is crucial for the protein's functionality​​.

Explanation: tRNA is responsible for carrying amino acids to the ribosome, where they are assembled into proteins based on the sequence of mRNA.

Explanation: DNA stores genetic information that is crucial for the development, functioning, and reproduction of living organisms.

Beri-beri, characterized by loss of appetite and retarded growth, is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine).

Explanation: Essential amino acids are those that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained from the diet. They are critical for various bodily functions, including protein synthesis​​.

Explanation: Lactose is a disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose units, whereas glucose, fructose, and ribose are all monosaccharides​​.

Explanation: Thyroxine, an iodinated derivative of the amino acid tyrosine produced in the thyroid gland, is critical for regulating metabolism and growth.

Explanation: Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness, which is a condition characterized by difficulty seeing in low light or darkness.